Oak woodlands are threatened across North America due to land use change, fire exclusion, and the spread of invasive species following European settlement. Effective conservation of woodlands—and associated biodiversity— is dependent on management (prescribed fire and tree thinning) emulating natural disturbance and historic cultural burning. We examined the effects of woodland management during the avian breeding season in the upper Midwest (WI, USA), collecting data at three trophic levels: vegetation, arthropods, and insectivorous birds. Compared to unmanaged sites, managed sites had lower basal area, understory density and snag abundance, and higher tree diameter, herbaceous plant cover, and soil moisture. Mean caterpillar biomass was higher in managed sites, as was mean aerial insect biomass. Avian species richness was higher in managed sites, and was negatively associated with canopy cover and positively associated with herbaceous plant cover. Detection corrected abundance estimates of the 21 most common insectivorous bird species indicated that ten species were more abundant in managed sites, four were more abundant in unmanaged sites, and seven were distributed equally. Six of 12 foliage-gleaning species, two of three aerial insectivores, and two of five ground foragers were more abundant in managed sites. For all but two species (American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla; Eastern Wood- Pewee, Contopus virens), density of breeding territories was better explained by habitat characteristics than by arthropod resources. Our results indicate that managed woodlands support higher arthropod biomass and have the potential to benefit a wide range of bird species.
Cascading effects of oak woodland management: Higher arthropod biomass, avian richness, and abundance
Download Persche_Mossman_PIdgeon_2025