Mapping breeding bird species richness at management-relevant resolutions across the United States

OVERALL SPECIES RICHNESS
Spatial Resolution:

LAYER OPACITY

LEGEND

Number of species

0-20

20-40

40-60

60-80

80+

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Group	Variable	Description	Resolutions
Biodiversity Predictors	Cloudiness Index	Landsat 8-based cloudiness index. To calculate a standardized cumulative cloud count, or Cloudiness Index, we took the sum of cloudy pixels across our image stack and divided this by the total number of available images.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Cumulative DHI	Cumulative Dynamic Habitat Indices from Landsat-8 2013 to 2020. This metric is created by summing up all monthly median NDVI values.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Minimum DHI	Minimum Dynamic Habitat Indices from Landsat-8 2013 to 2020. This metric is created by selecting the minimum NDVI.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Variation DHI	Variation Dynamic Habitat Indices from Landsat-8 2013 to 2020. This metric is created by calculating the coefficient of variation of NDVI.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Median Greenness EVI	Mean Greenness Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) based on composite image of median EVI values between May and August (2013-2019) as a representative measure of vegetation greenness during the growing season.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Peak Greenness EVI	Peak Greenness Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) based on 90th percentile greenness values across our image stack between May and August (2013-2019).	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Housing density	The block-level housing density from the 2010 housing dataset, resampled from (http://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/data/housing-block- change/).	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Contrast	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a second order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Correlation	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a second order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Dissimilarity	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a second order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Entropy	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a second order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Mean	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a first order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Standard Deviation	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a first order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Uniformity	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a second order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Texture Variance	All texture metrics are based on the cumulative DHI. This is a first order texture metric, based on a 17×17 moving window. For specific information on texture visit https://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/webmaps/landsat8-evi- textures/	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Summer Relative Temperature	Metric based on data from Landsat 8’s Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), from 2014 to 2020. Summer (June to August) relative temperature is derived by assigning the mean value within a moving window to the central pixel, and then taking the median value of those means across the image stack. Based on 17×17 moving window.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Summer Thermal Heterogeneity	Metric based on data from Landsat 8’s Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), from 2014 to 2020. Summer (June to August) thermal heterogeneity is derived by assigning the standard deviation value within a moving window to the central pixel, and then taking the median value of those standard deviations across the image stack. Based on 17×17 moving window.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Temperature Amplitude	Metric based on data from Landsat 8’s Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), from 2014 to 2020. To evaluate the potential effects of the magnitude of seasonal differences in temperature on birds, we calculated a measure of temperature amplitude by taking the difference between median summer and winter relative temperatures. Based on 17×17 moving window.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Winter Relative Temperature	Metric based on data from Landsat 8’s Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), from 2014 to 2020. Winter (December to February) relative temperature is derived by assigning the mean value within a moving window to the central pixel, and then taking the median value of those means across the image stack. Based on 17×17 moving window.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Winter Thermal Heterogeneity	Metric based on data from Landsat 8’s Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), from 2014 to 2020. Winter (December to February) thermal heterogeneity is derived by assigning the standard deviation value within a moving window to the central pixel, and then taking the median value of those standard deviations across the image stack. Based on 17×17 moving window.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Frozen Ground (no snow)	WHIs are based on temporally harmonized Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data (30 m). This metric represents frequency of frozen ground without snow days (requires additional data for frozen ground status from PRISM). It is calculated for the core winter months only (Dec- Feb), derived from 8-day composites of snow observations, and captures freeze/thaw dynamics and approximate subnivean conditions to varying degrees.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Snow Cover Variability	WHIs are based on temporally harmonized Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data (30 m). This metric represents It is calculated for the core winter months only (Dec- Feb), derived from 8-day composites of snow observations, and captures freeze/thaw dynamics and approximate subnivean conditions to varying degrees.	500m	2500m	5000m
Biodiversity Predictors	Snow Season Length	WHIs are based on temporally harmonized Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data (30 m). This metric represents snow season length. Snow season length is comparable to overall winter length, indicates how long birds are exposed to winter conditions, and is calculated by taking the difference between the first and last snow dates.	500m	2500m	5000m

Group	Variable	Description	Resolutions
Guild Maps	Large Ranged Species	Range size was determined by taking the median of all BBS species’ ranges and designating ranges below the median as small-ranged and those above the median as large-ranged.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Threatened Species	The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species was used when defining threatened species. This includes higher classifications.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Small Ranged Species	Range size was determined by taking the median of all BBS species’ ranges and designating ranges below the median as small-ranged and those above the median as large-ranged.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Shrubland Specialists	We based affiliate and specialist statuses on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1). Habitat specialist species were defined as those with only one habitat of major importance, while affiliates had two or more during the breeding season.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Shrubland Affiliates	We based affiliate and specialist statuses on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1). Habitat specialist species were defined as those with only one habitat of major importance, while affiliates had two or more during the breeding season.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Short Distance Migrants	Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) designations were used for migration strategy classifications. Short-distance migrants as migratory birds wintering primarily in the United States and Canada and long-distance birds as neotropical migrants.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Resident Species	Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) designations were used for migration strategy classifications.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Overall Species Richness	This includes all species found in the conterminous US, with both guild and BBS data available.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Mid-story and Canopy Nesting Species	Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) designations were used for nesting strategy classifications.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Long Distance Migrants	Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) designations were used for migration strategy classifications. Short-distance migrants as migratory birds wintering primarily in the United States and Canada and long-distance birds as neotropical migrants.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Insectivores	Foraging type class was based on the Elton Traits database. Insectivores are insect eating species.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Granivores	Foraging type class was based on the Elton Traits database. Granivores included seed and nut eating species.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Grassland Specialists	We based affiliate and specialist statuses on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1). Habitat specialist species were defined as those with only one habitat of major importance, while affiliates had two or more during the breeding season.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Ground Nesting Species	Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) designations were used for nesting strategy classifications.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Grassland Affiliates	We based affiliate and specialist statuses on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1). Habitat specialist species were defined as those with only one habitat of major importance, while affiliates had two or more during the breeding season.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Forest Affiliates	We based affiliate and specialist statuses on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1). Habitat specialist species were defined as those with only one habitat of major importance, while affiliates had two or more during the breeding season.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Forest Specialists	We based affiliate and specialist statuses on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1). Habitat specialist species were defined as those with only one habitat of major importance, while affiliates had two or more during the breeding season.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Species with Increasing and Stable Populations	Population trends are from BirdLife International.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Species with Decreasing Populations	Population trends are from BirdLife International.	500m	2500m	5000m
Guild Maps	Frugivores	Foraging type class was based on the Elton Traits database. Frugivores were considered fruit and nectar- eating species.	500m	2500m	5000m

Group	Variable	Description	Resolutions
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Large Ranged Species	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Large Ranged Species. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Threatened Species	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Threatened Species. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Small Ranged Species	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Small Ranged Species. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Shrubland Specialists	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Shrubland Specialists. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Shrubland Affiliates. Random forest predictions are generated by	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Intervals for Shrubland Affiliates	subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Short Distance Migrants	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Short Distance Migrants. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Resident Species	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Resident Species. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Overall Species Richness	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Overall Species Richness. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Mid-story and Canopy Nesting Species	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Mid-story and Canopy Nesting Species. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Long Distance Migrants	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Long Distance Migrants. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Insectivores	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Insectivores. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Granivores	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Granivores. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Grassland Specialists	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Grassland Specialists. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Ground Nesting Species	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Ground Nesting Species. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Grassland Affiliates	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Grassland Affiliates. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Forest Affiliates	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Forest Affiliates. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Forest Specialists. Random forest predictions are generated by	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Prediction Intervals for Forest Specialists	subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Species with Increasing and Stable Populations	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Species with Increasing and Stable Populations. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Species with Decreasing Populations	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Species with Decreasing Populations. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m
Prediction Intervals	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Frugivores	Random Forest Prediction Intervals for Frugivores. Random forest predictions are generated by subtracting the smallest value predicted by a single tree from the largest value for each location.	500m	2500m	5000m

Group	Variable	Description	Resolutions
Comparisons	all_spp	All species	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	decreasing	Decreasing	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	forest_aff	Forest affiliates	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	forest_spec	Forest speciliasts	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	frugivore	Frugivores	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	granivore	Granivores	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	grass_aff	Grass affiliates	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	grass_spec	Grass specialists	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	groundnest	Ground Nesters	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	insectivore	Insectivores	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	large_range	Large range	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	longDist_migrant	Long distance migrants	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	midstory_canopy_nest	Midstory canopy nesters	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	residents	Residents	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	shortDist_migrants	Short distance migrants	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	shrub_aff	Shrub affiliates	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	shrub_spec	Shrub Specialists	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	small_range	Small range	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	stable_increasing	Increasing	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m
Comparisons	threatened	Threatened	2500m vs 500m	5000m vs 2500m	5000m vs 500m

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